Monday, March 9, 2026

The Medicinal Uses of Pineapple (Ananas comosus) and Bromelain

Family:  Bromeliaceae

As one of my favorite fruits, pineapple probably should have been investigated a while ago for its medicinal qualities. I first learned of bromelain about a decade ago when my daughters were raising their French angora rabbits.  Fearing that one of them had developed a hairball, the girls persuaded me to buy some bromelain tablets which could safely treat their rabbits. 

The rabbits happily chewed the tablets throughout the duration of their treatment.  And then the tablets occupied valuable space in the cabinet for a while before I decided to eat them.  They’re tasty enough. 

Pineapple and bromelain are like black pepper and piperine; pineapple and pepper were traditionally used to alleviate a myriad of conditions but are difficult to grow in non-tropical climates.  Their extracts are substantially more effective and much easier to have on hand when needed.

Bromelain tablets and extracts have been demonstrated to be as good as or better than conventional pain relievers and antibiotic treatments in managing pain relief and healing following dental procedures, including root canals and the extraction of wisdom teeth.[1] [2]  Bromelain has been found more effective at eliminating Enterococcus faecalis than the popular ciprofloxacin-metronidazole-minocycline paste commonly used.[3]  It potentiates ciprofloxacin to overcome antibiotic resistance and decrease the duration of treatment.[4]

Bromelain relieves pain and is a better choice, especially in elderly patients in whom traditional NSAIDs cause adverse side effects.

Numerous studies on bromelain have identified a wide range of applications for the tablets.

Nutritional value:  Pineapple is a rich source of vitamins A[5], B1[6], and C.[7] [8] [9]  It also provides iron and potassium.[10]

Bromelain is the primary active constituent in pineapple.  Commercially produced bromelain comes from the stem of the pineapple plant. [11] 

EFFECTIVE AGAINST

  • Bacteria
    • Gram-positive
      • Enterococcus faecalis
      • Mycobacterium tuberculosis[12]
      • Staphylococcus aureus[15]
      • Streptococcus mutans
    • Gram-negative
      • Escherichia coli[17]
      • Vibrio cholerae

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

  • Abortifacient[20] [21]
    • Fruit, ripe or unripe[22]
    • Juice of unripe fruit or leaves[23]
  • Analgesic[24]
    • Bromelain, 200 mg alone or 150 mg + 300 mg turmeric, provided more effective pain relief than ibuprofen for most patients[25]
    • Bromelain, 200 mg, relieved the post-operative pain of a root canal after 12 hours; diclofenac (50 mg) was more effective in the immediate post-op period.[26]
    • 200 mg bromelain provided pain relief comparable to 400 mg ibuprofen in root canal patients[27]
    • Bromelain[28]
  • Anthelminthic
  • Antiangiogenic[31]
  • Antibacterial
  • Anticancer
  • Anticoagulant
  • Antidiabetic
  • Antifungal
  • Anti-inflammatory[39] [40]
  • Antioxidant[43]
  • Diuretic
  • Emmenagogue
  • Fibrinolytic[47] (prevents excessive blood clot formation and improves circulation) [48]
  • Immunomodulant[49]
  • Laxative
  • Purgative

USAGE

  • Circulatory
    • Hematoma
  • Communicable
  • Dental/oral
    • Gingivitis
    • Plaque
    • Root canals
      • Bromelain paste prepared in a 1:1 solution with sterile saline[56]
    • Wisdom tooth extraction[57]
      • Bromelain paste prepared in a 1:1 solution with sterile saline[58]
  • Gastrointestinal
    • Constipation
    • Diarrhea
    • Gas
    • Reduce gastric acid production
    • Ulcerative colitis
    • Ulcers
    • Worms
      • Haemonchus contortus
  • Musculoskeletal
  • Respiratory
  • Skin
  • Urogenital
    • Dysmenorrhea
    • Edema
    • Episiotomy pain
    • Facilitate childbirth[96]
    • Induce labor[97]
    • Menorrhagia[98]
    • Peyronie’s disease
    • Reduce postpartum bleeding[100]
    • Urinary tract infections[101]
    • Uterine cancer[102]
    • Uterine fibroids[103]
    • Uterine hemorrhage[104]
    • Vaginal infection[105]
  • Other

SYNERGISMS

Bromelain synergizes well with ciprofloxacin[113] and levofloxacin[114].  It potentiates amoxicillin, tetracycline[115], and penicillin.[116]

INTERACTIONS

Bromelain increases the absorption of lisinopril, captopril, vincristine, and fluorouracil. [117]

SIDE EFFECTS

Adverse effects reported in those who overdose on bromelain include vomiting, nausea, diarrhea, heart palpitations, digestive problems, lack of appetite, fatigue, body discomfort, dizziness, drowsiness, lethargy, uterine bleeding, and heavy menstruation.  Mild to severe allergic reactions may also occur, particularly in those allergic to carrots, celery, fennel, rye, papaya, birch, or cypress pollen, certain grasses, or latex.[118]

CAUTION

Do not use for 2-3 weeks prior to surgery.  Do not use if pregnant.  Avoid if afflicted with kidney or liver disorders.  Use only with the supervision of licensed medical personnel if taking antiplatelet or anticoagulant medications, NSAIDs, ibuprofen, or Aleve.[119] 


[1] P Nikhade, et al., Efficacy of Triple Antibiotic Paste and Bromelain Paste As Intracanal Medicament Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In-Vivo Study, Cureus, 1 November 2023, Vol 15 No 11, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38046769/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[2] SD Bhupal, et al., Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and bromelain paste against Enterococcus faecalis in mandibular premolars: A randomized clinical trial, J Conserv Dent Endod., August 2025, Vol 28 No 8, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12377671/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[3] SD Bhupal, et al., Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and bromelain paste against Enterococcus faecalis in mandibular premolars: A randomized clinical trial, J Conserv Dent Endod., August 2025, Vol 28 No 8, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12377671/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[4] L Recinella, et al., A New Bromelain-Based Polyenzymatic Complex Plus N-Acetylcysteine: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections, Int J Mol Sci., 13 May 2025, Vol 26 No 10, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12111221/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[5] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[6] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 476.

[7] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[9] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[10] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[11] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[12] S Mahajan, et al., Stem bromelain-induced macrophage apoptosis and activation curtail Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence, J Infect Dis., 1 August 2012, Vol 206 No 3, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22615313/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[13] P Nikhade, et al., Efficacy of Triple Antibiotic Paste and Bromelain Paste As Intracanal Medicament Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In-Vivo Study, Cureus, 1 November 2023, Vol 15 No 11, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38046769/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[14] SD Bhupal, et al., Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and bromelain paste against Enterococcus faecalis in mandibular premolars: A randomized clinical trial, J Conserv Dent Endod., August 2025, Vol 28 No 8, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12377671/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[15] DY Wang, et al., Proton-mediated burst of dual-drug loaded liposomes for biofilm dispersal and bacterial killing, J Control Release, December 2022, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36341930/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[16] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[17] L Recinella, et al., A New Bromelain-Based Polyenzymatic Complex Plus N-Acetylcysteine: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections, Int J Mol Sci., 13 May 2025, Vol 26 No 10, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12111221/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[18] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[19] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[20] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[21] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[22] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[23] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[24] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[25] S Ajami, et al., Analgesic Efficacy of Bromelain and Bromelain Plus Turmeric for Pain Control After Orthodontic Separator Placement: A Triple-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial, Clin Exp Dent Res. April 2025, Vol 11 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40260785/ (accessed 10 December 2025).

[26] A Sherin, et al., Comparison of Bromelain and Diclofenac in the Management of Postoperative Pain and Quality of Life Following Root Canal Therapy: A Randomized Controlled Trial, Cureus, 21 October 2024, Vol 16 No 10, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11577145/ (accessed 10 December 2025).

[27] M Faramarzi, et al., Effectiveness of Bromelain in the control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery: A crossover randomized clinical trial, J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent., 7 May 2023, Vol 15 No 1, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10460776/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[28] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060231173732

[29] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[30] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[31] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[32] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[33] V Kumar, et al., Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct., 2023 Sep 19; Vol 14 No 18, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37650738/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[34] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[35] V Kumar, et al., Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct., 2023 Sep 19; Vol 14 No 18, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37650738/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[36] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[37] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[38] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[39] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[40] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[41] V Kumar, et al., Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct., 2023 Sep 19; Vol 14 No 18, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37650738/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[42] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[43] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[44] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[45] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[46] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[47] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[48] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[49] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[50] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[51] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[52] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[53] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[54] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[55] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[56] SD Bhupal, et al., Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and bromelain paste against Enterococcus faecalis in mandibular premolars: A randomized clinical trial, J Conserv Dent Endod., August 2025, Vol 28 No 8, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12377671/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[57] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[58] SD Bhupal, et al., Comparative antimicrobial efficacy of triple antibiotic paste, 2% chlorhexidine gel, and bromelain paste against Enterococcus faecalis in mandibular premolars: A randomized clinical trial, J Conserv Dent Endod., August 2025, Vol 28 No 8, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12377671/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[59] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[60] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[61] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[62] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[63] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[64] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[65] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[66] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[67] M Faramarzi, et al., Effectiveness of Bromelain in the control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery: A crossover randomized clinical trial, J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent., 7 May 2023, Vol 15 No 1, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10460776/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[68] V Kumar, et al., Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct., 2023 Sep 19; Vol 14 No 18, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37650738/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[69] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[70] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[71] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[72] V Kumar, et al., Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct., 2023 Sep 19; Vol 14 No 18, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37650738/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[73] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874113005783?via%3Dihub

[74] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[75] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[76] V Kumar, et al., Bromelain: a review of its mechanisms, pharmacological effects and potential applications. Food Funct., 2023 Sep 19; Vol 14 No 18, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37650738/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[77] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[78] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[79] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[80] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[81] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[82] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[83] M Hasannasab, et al., Immobilization of bromelain and ZnO nanoparticles on silk fibroin nanofibers as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory burn dressing, Int J Pharm., 15 December 2021, Vol 610, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34699950/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[84] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[85] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[86] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[87] https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11243481/

[88] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02601060231173732

[89] M Faramarzi, et al., Effectiveness of Bromelain in the control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery: A crossover randomized clinical trial, J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent., 7 May 2023, Vol 15 No 1, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10460776/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[90] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[91] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[92] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 171.

[93] M Faramarzi, et al., Effectiveness of Bromelain in the control of postoperative pain after periodontal surgery: A crossover randomized clinical trial, J Adv Periodontol Implant Dent., 7 May 2023, Vol 15 No 1, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10460776/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[94] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[95] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[96] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[97] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[98] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[99] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[100] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[101] L Recinella, et al., A New Bromelain-Based Polyenzymatic Complex Plus N-Acetylcysteine: A Promising Approach for the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections, Int J Mol Sci., 13 May 2025, Vol 26 No 10, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12111221/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[102] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[103] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[104] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[105] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116304652?via%3Dihub

[106] V Kumar, et al., Therapeutic Application of Pineapple: A Review, Recent Adv Food Nutr Agric, 2023, Vol 14 No 2, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37218195/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[107] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[108] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[109] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[110] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

[111] AJ Chakraborty, et al., Bromelain a Potential Bioactive Compound: A Comprehensive Overview from a Pharmacological Perspective, Life (Basel), 6 April 2021, Vol 11 No 4, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8067380/ (accessed 11 December 2025).

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3 comments:

  1. taminator013March 9, 2026 at 5:59 AM

    The active ingredient in Adolph's Meat Tenderizer is bromelain, a natural enzyme derived from pineapple that breaks down connective tissues in meat.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. JenniferMarch 9, 2026 at 7:30 AM

      I forgot about that. Thanks for mentioning it!

      Delete
  2. AnonymousMarch 9, 2026 at 8:18 AM

    I found that pineapple works on my gout better than cherry juice.

    ReplyDelete

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