Sunday, July 12, 2020

The Minnesota Starvation Experiment

Food Storage Made Fabulous, the 2nd volume of articles from the Prep School Daily blog, is now available on Amazon.  With over 100 family-friendly recipes using basic long-term food storage staples, your family will have no idea there's a crisis. 

Do you know anyone who has ever dieted?  How fun are they to be around?  Have you or has anyone you know ever tried the intermittent fasting diet?  Now that is fun.  You eat normally five days per week, and for the other two days you get 500 calories for women or 600 for men.  I lost weight, but I hated diet days.  And even though I thought I was doing well with it, my family hated diet days because apparently I was cranky.  And that's when we all knew that the diet day would end at bedtime, and that if I really wanted to, I could go eat anyway.  What happens when there really isn't any more food, at least for that day's rations?


I don't know about all of history, but in recent history there have been conscientious objectors to war.  While some probably were just trying to avoid military service altogether, others truly wanted to serve their country but had an insurmountable objection to killing another human being.  Some of these men became ambulance drivers and medics.  A small group of others, men aged 22 to 33 years old, volunteered to participate in the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, conducted between November 1944 and December 1945.  Of the 400 men who volunteered, 100 were selected for personal interviews to identify suitability for the study.  Ultimately, 36 of the best and brightest were chosen--men with college education who exhibited the greatest levels of physical and emotional stability. 

The stated objective of the experiment was to simulate the effects that starvation resulting from the then-current war would have on the people of Europe and thus be able to determine the best ways to help them recover when hostilities ceased.  The volunteers were all healthy young men of military age.  During the first twelve weeks of the study, the men were carefully observed so that baseline psychological and physiological behaviors could be established.  They consumed an average of 3200 calories per day and were required to walk 22 miles per week, just over three miles per day.

The starvation phase lasted 24 weeks.  The men continued walking 22 miles per week, as refugees just might, and were given diets ranging from 1200 to 1800 calories per day.  The goal was to get the men to lose 25% of their original body weight.  They were fed twice per day with foods thought to be common to the starving populations of Europe--potatoes, rutabagas, dark bread, macaroni, and turnips, among other things.  The diet was very high in carbohydrates and low in protein.  And not only is it similar to what starving populations then were eating, it's also pretty similar to what a lot of people store now.

During the starvation phase, the men lost all interest in anything that didn't involve food.  They were hungry all the time.  Even just after they ate, they were still hungry.  They also reported a decrease tolerance to cold and needed extra blankets, even in the summer.  They were dizzy, extremely fatigued, and experienced muscle soreness, hair loss, and reduced coordination.  Some had to quit college because they could not concentrate. Most of the volunteers exhibited serious distress and depression. 

Of the thirty six volunteers who started the experiment, four were unable to finish for various reasons.  Two began stealing food to eat, including raw rutabagas, and were treated for psychiatric issues as well.

During the recovery phase, the goal was to get men back to their original weight.  The men were given varying amounts for their rehabilitative diets, from 400 to 1200 extra calories per day, to re-nourish them.  The volunteers still felt like they were starving. 

After the conclusion of the experiment, when the men could eat whatever they wanted, some were consuming up to 10,000 calories per day.  It was then that they regained their weight, and many gained up to 10% more.

When you store the minimum amounts recommended by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, people who have advocated and studied food storage for over 150 years, you are storing about 2,000 calories per day.  That minimum does not work out well if you are doing heavy labor or are pregnant or even stressed.  Mental stress also demands a lot of calories.  If you've purchased one of those year's storage kits that touts 1,200 calories per day, do you think your family is really going to be happy?  Will you tell yourself that the crisis will end before the food runs out, so you eat it more quickly?

Maybe you should try out living on 1,200 calories a day to see how it goes.  Do it with the whole family.  Remember, those men in the experiment were volunteers and they knew the experiment would come to an end.  When the grid goes down, no one really knows when it will come back up.  How are you going to react when you are hungry.  All. The. Time?  Are you going to be patient with your family members? The men in the experiment became introverted.  They easily lost patience with one another over the most trivial of issues.  It won't be any different for us.

One of the interesting findings of the experiment was that the men needed over 4,000 calories per day to begin rebuilding their bodies, and it took them up to two years to do it. 

Maybe it's time to do a little more shopping and stocking.  There's no time like the present!

Links to related posts:
Overview of Long-Term Food Storage
Food Storage and Learning from History


For further reading:

https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/135/6/1347/4663828  (highly recommend this one--there are comments from the volunteers when they were interviewed about their participation sixty years after the experiment)

08.24.23

Saturday, July 11, 2020

Lessons Learned from COVID-19 Quarantine and Food Supplies

In visiting with people prior to the shutdown, as the nouveau panic preppers were scrambling to purchase rice and beans or #10 cans of Mountain House, other people and I would mention the importance of eating what they normally eat, avoiding food fatigue by having a good variety in the diet, etc.  The normal stuff.  And we would routinely get dismissed with something along the lines of, "People will eat it if they are hungry enough."  I've decided to summarize some of their quarantine-diet observations below.

"I eat canned tuna regularly, but in February decided to get several dozen cans of X Chili, a favorite in my youth, because it boasted a lot of protein.  It was the first time in decades. It seemed to dehydrate me and left me drained and sluggish, even though I also had regular yogurt and vegetables.
It was basically thick beef tallow, and I didn't see much actual meat. If I had it to do over, I would have gotten actual meat.  This chili will ruin me."

"We used this quarantine as a test run to use up some old ABC and XYZ (major freeze-dried food companies) meals. We tired of it quickly and the salt was too much for my blood pressure. We're baking bread daily and I've been able to buy flour. When the quarantine ends, I'll start storing grains. We're eating a lot of eggs.  I should consider raising chickens. I stashed chocolate bars.  Those were popular and eaten quickly. Plans for this year's garden will focus on nutritionally dense foods."

"Same as the others have said. Too much sodium in the freeze-dried XYZ and ABC. We started adding rice, pasta, potatoes....  Sometimes added no-salt canned or frozen veggies.  We used the freeze-dried meals as starter or seasoning to supplement. Chocolate had to be rationed. We ate half of it in the first week.  Now it’s one piece on weekends. We are baking lots of bread, using natural yeast from our dried fruit stores.  We are eating a lot of eggs, twice as much as normal.  My supplies are lasting, but fresh is getting harder to come by. Local stores are still delivering but only about 25% of my order goes through."

"I think a lot of people are having the same experience. You summed it up nicely with 'Basically we used the freeze-dried meals as a starter or seasoning to supplement.' That is the way to go."

"XYZ tastes better but has too much salt. If we had to rely on them, I would cook rice then put 1/3 of a packet of XYZ on each plate to give it some flavor and add a piece of bread. Eating a whole pouch of either brand gets old fast.  The ABC would be more manageable for me due to the lower salt content. Stock both just to add some variety but look for other food options."

"I buy grain in bulk and then grind it fresh to maximize nutrition. A good electric grinder costs a small fortune but it pays for itself in a couple years. The bread tastes so good and is so filling it barely needs anything to go with it for a meal...a bit of peanut butter, hummus, cinnamon rolls, etc."

"The freeze-dried stuff has its place. When you are working hard you will likely do better with a little more salt. If not, then mix in some supplemental grains and stretch the flavors out a bit. Lack of salt can be a real problem with food, but having it along with other spices can make the difference between fatigue or lack of it."

Now for what people were glad they had stored:
Yeast
Salt pork
Evaporated milk
Pancake mix and maple syrup
Toilet paper
Oatmeal
Beef jerky
Coffee
Canned fruit
Cooking oil
Bacon grease
Pasta

And what they wish they had stored, or stored more of:
Bacon
Powdered eggs
Non-fish canned meats
Cleaning supplies
Hand sanitizer
More variety in ready-to-eat meals.  "I'm tired of Chef Boyardee, I'm running out of canned soup, and everything else needs prep work."
Lactose pills 
Onions
Milk
Cheese
Shelf-stable whipping cream

There is a Chinese curse that goes something like this:  "May you live in interesting times."  I think we've been Chinese-cursed and others are beginning to wake up to the fact.  There are reports from around the country of people starting to stockpile food and supplies again in the event that a second wave, as they are calling it, materializes.   I have no idea what's coming; I can only make guesses just like everyone else.  We can learn from what people panic-purchased and what they were glad to have gotten, and what they wish they had more of and prepare accordingly.

Our times are indeed interesting at present, and I fully anticipate that we have a lot more interesting experiences to pass through.  Now's the time to prep while the prepping is good.