Basic Food Storage: Beans

"Beans, beans, the magical fruit;  the more you eat, the more you toot."

That's what a lot of people think of beans, even preppers.  It makes me sad.  Because beans are so versatile and can be used in so many ways, they really are magical!  So first off, let's take care of the primary (and legitimate) objection to beans.  "[T]hey make you toot."  Beans make people who are not accustomed to eating beans regularly toot because they lack the proper intestinal flora to digest beans properly.  Once you incorporate beans into your diet, problems with gas should disappear entirely. 

It's recommended that you store sixty pounds of dry beans (not green beans, not commercially canned beans) per person per year.  Beans are an ideal storage food because they are high in protein and low in fat, and are a good source of many trace minerals.  And it does not matter what kinds of beans you store—white, pinto, red, kidney, black, lima, lentils, et cetera. Store what you eat!  The chief cook and bottle washer here is of Mexican descent, so we have a lot of pinto beans. We also store some black beans, some white, and a few pink. I have no idea why I bought pink beans.  I never use them.  Maybe they were cheap.

While most of us think of soup and chili as the main ways of eating beans, they can actually be used in a wide variety of recipes. Beans can be sprouted; mung beans are what's used to produce the beans sprouts used in Asian cooking.  If you have old beans that will not soften no matter what you do, they can be ground into flour using a grain mill.  Use this flour instead of wheat flour or cornstarch for thickening soup.

In the course of your own research into the deep, dark mysteries of food storage and beans, you will find those who advocate using bean puree in baking to substitute for oil or butter and to boost the nutritional value of sweets.  Proceed with caution!  (Just kidding.)

OK, actually, I'm only half joking about that.  I've tried a few of those beans-for-butter recipes and was not impressed.  But using bean puree in baking is worthy of its own post and will be addressed in the future.

Beans are almost as sensitive to heat as oil and milk and should be kept in conditions as cool as possible.  When exposed to higher temperatures beans become tough and require more time for soaking and cooking.  Unfortunately, people occasionally find themselves with beans that won’t soften with cooking. There are several ways to address this problem. First, add acidic foods such as tomatoes, vinegar, and molasses near the end of the cooking time because these ingredients tend to toughen beans. For the same reason, salt also should not be added until just before serving. Second, hard water may result in hard beans. If your cooked beans refuse to soften, try adding ¼ teaspoon baking soda to soften the beans.  (Keep in mind that adding baking soda to beans reduces the nutritional value--the amount of thiamine in the beans.)  If none of those attempts work, there is yet another remedy to try, but it won’t be in time for tonight’s dinner. Try freezing the beans. As the water in the beans freezes, it will break down the cell walls to soften the beans. If that still doesn’t work, pressure cooking or canning the beans almost always will.  Finally, if all else has failed, the beans can still be ground in a mill and the resulting flour used in soups. However, bear in mind that the increasing toughness in the beans suggests a corresponding decrease in nutritional value.

Because dry beans require a long time to cook (and will thus require a lot of fuel in a grid-down situation), I always keep a good supply of beans that I have pressure canned at home. Dry beans are among the easiest foods to can.  In fact, if I were brand new to pressure canning, I would start with canning dry beans.  They're easy, cheap, and almost fool-proof.  Consult your Ball Blue Book  (the exact title has changed over the years, and the current edition is no longer blue, but usually the title includes Ball Blue Book, and that is how it will be referred to here) for exact directions. Basically you soak the beans overnight, rinse in the morning, add the appropriate amount to your jar, add salt and boiling water, and process according to instructions that came with your pressure canner.  In the course of researching the pressure canning of dry beans, you may come across information advocating the canning of beans that have not been presoaked.  (Dry beans are put into the jar, salt and boiling water are added, and then the beans are canned under pressure.) This method is not USDA-approved, which may not matter to you; I have never seen any reasons offered as to why this is the case. However, people, including me, who have experimented with this method have noted a much higher seal failure rate, like about 25%, that we can only attribute to the beans being unsoaked.

The Home Storage Center sells a few varieties of beans (white, pinto, and black) as well as dehydrated refried beans in #10 cans.  The whole beans have a thirty-year shelf life, when stored properly.  The refried beans have a five-year shelf life.  While I know of a few people who have been happy with the dehydrated refried beans, I have not, and therefore I cannot recommend them. Perhaps it is my heritage coming through, and I’m too picky about the consistency, or perhaps my beans were old and tough.  And, to be fair, I haven't tried them in about 20 or 25 years.  Maybe they're better now.

Links to related posts:
Baking with Beans
Refried Beans
Bean Flour
Pinto Bean Fudge  

4 january 2019

Medical Uses for Duct Tape

Duct tape is another one of those things that I'd never ever used before meeting my husband.  My dad could do all kinds of home repairs, but he was always working, so I never saw him use duct tape for anything.  My step-father was definitely the type to hire out repair jobs.  So I had no clue that duct tape could fix just about anything.  And it belongs in the medical kit along with all the other medical tapes.  There are a whole lot of ways to use it in an emergency to substitute for something else.  And in some cases, duct tape is the first choice tool for the job.  Every medical kit should have a couple of feet or even a whole roll.

SKIN
Now most people have heard of using duct tape to remove warts and calluses.  But really, isn't that some kind of urban myth?

Actually, it isn't.  A clinical study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed the efficacy of using duct tape to remove warts.  And it was more effective than commercial products.  Bizarre.

Anyway, this is how you use it:

• Cut a small circle of duct tape and apply it over the wart.  
• Wear the duct tape wart remover for six days, and then remove it.
• Soak the affected area in water.
• Sand it with an emery board.
• Repeat this process until the wart is gone.  It may take up to two months.

Use duct tape to prevent blisters from forming and protect those that have already formed.

• If you've got a hot spot and are concerned that the friction is going to cause a blister, cover the affected area with duct tape to prevent blister formation.
• If a blister has already formed, cover the blister with a bit of tissue or gauze or paper and then cover the paper with duct tape.  Do not permit the duct tape to come into contact with the blister.

Splinters can be easily removed by soaking the skin in Epsom salts for thirty minutes to bring the sliver closer to the surface.  Dry the skin and apply the duct tape over the splinter.  Leave the tape on for thirty minutes, and then slowly peel it away.  The splinter should come right out with the tape.

Duct tape can even be used to help prevent frostbite on exposed skin.  Simply tear off small strips to cover the nose, cheeks, earlobes, or fingers.  It's not fashionable, and certainly not the first choice, but if you've got nothing else, give it a try.

WOUNDS
Using duct tape as a bandage or to hold a bandage in place is really not the best idea.  The adhesive in duct tape is latex-based and may cause a reaction in those with allergies to latex.  Even if the individual is not allergic to duct tape, it can cause a reaction and it will definitely hurt when removed from hairy skin.  It's always best to use medical tape when it's available.  But if it isn't, duct tape will do the job.

While duct tape is often promoted as being just as good as Steri-strips of butterfly bandages, again it shouldn't be used in this situation unless there really is no other option.   The adhesive in duct tape is very effective and there's the risk of damaging tissue further when the tape is removed.

If it's a sizeable laceration that needs to be closed, using a duct tape suture will be a better option than placing thin strips of duct tape over the wound.  With a duct tape suture, the adhesive is farther removed from the wound.  There is also less risk of re-opening the wound when the tape is removed.  And the tape doesn't actually come into contact with the wound, so there is less chance of contaminating the wound. 

ORTHOPEDICS
Duct tape is the tool to have for making a brace for cracked ribs.  Have the patient pull on a well-fitted T-shirt and then wrap the tape tightly around the shirt to make a sturdy brace.

Duct tape can be combined with SAM splints, cardboard, Popsicle sticks, or twigs or branches, to fashion splints.  If you apply duct tape directly to the SAM splint, you'll remove the foam cushioning.  If possible, protect the SAM splint with a layer of paper or cloth.  

If someone has suffered an ankle sprain, duct tape can be wrapped around the shoe and ankle to help stabilize the joint.  Of course, it is much better for the patient to get off the foot and rest, but if that's not an option and the sprain isn't too severe, this works well.  

PEST CONTROL
Dut tape does a great job of repairing mosquito netting.  Strips can also be hung like flypaper to eliminate flies, mosquitoes, and other flying pests. 

DISEASE
Use duct tape to seal off a patient room to prevent the transmission of airborne illnesses.  In the event of nuclear radiation, duct tape and plastic would be used to seal off the windows and doors of your home.

Hospitals have started using red duct tape on the floor to mark the area where medical personnel may stand in the room of a patient with a highly contagious disease without having to take protective measures like wearing masks and gloves and washing up.  It's actually improved care because doctors can quickly check on a patient more frequently and easily. 

WARDROBE MALFUNCTIONS
Most often our wardrobe malfunctions are going to involve needing a shoe repair or possibly some additional insulation that could be provided by wrapping the shoe in duct tape.  However, sometimes when a serious injury occurs, clothing needs to be cut away to begin treatment.  A careful provider in an austere environment will consider this before cutting away clothing.  Removing clothing from an injured patient increases the risk of hypothermia and making a bad situation worse.  If you've got duct tape, you can tape the clothing back together.  No, it won't be good as new, but it'll suffice.

If you've got a really big kit and the space for it, you can just throw a regular roll of duct tape in there, but it will probably be way more than you need.  What most medics do is to carry a small duckling or two (check them out on Amazon if you've never seen them--they're pretty cute).  The other option, and one that was most often used before ducklings appeared on the scene, was to tear off two to three feet of regular duct tape and then roll it up (roll or flat-fold), and put it in a Ziploc bag to keep it clean.  If you're likely to be dealing with children, you can get fun prints or colors to make a traumatic event a little less scary. 


Links to related posts:
Tapes and Wraps
Duct Tape Suture in a Straw
Quarantine and Isolation, part 2
SAM Splints 

For further reading:
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/203979
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325734.php

 4.28.20

Doxycycline: Don't Bug Out Without It

Disclaimer. I am not a licensed health practitioner. This is just another post on knowledge and understanding you might wish to acquire in advance of a disaster in case no higher care is available. As long as our society is functioning, you should leave anything more substantial than applying a Band-Aid to the professionals. No medication, including those available over the counter, should be taken without consulting a physician. Information shared here is for educational and entertainment purposes only. It is not medical advice nor a substitute for licensed medical care.

I'm not a doctor. I've never played one on TV. I don't know if I have ever stayed in a Holiday Inn. So take the information here today (and everywhere on this blog) with those grains of salt.

I understand that for many doctors doxycycline doesn't make their list of most favored antibiotics. But I promise you on a stack of Bibles, I would never be without it when things really fall apart. There are just some conditions that doxycycline alone can treat, some for which there are no known alternatives in conventional or herbal medicine. More on that below.

Doxycycline is a broad-spectrum member of the tetracycline family. It also goes by the trade names of Vibramycin or Vibratabs, and is sold as Fish-Doxy and Bird-Biotic. Doxycycline is not for use in children under the age of eight years except in cases of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, and anthrax. Doxycycline can cause extreme sun sensitivity. Avoid sun exposure between the hours of 10AM and 3PM and wear hats, sunglasses, long sleeves, and pants when outdoors. Finally, doxycycline inhibits the efficacy of oral birth control and other methods must be used when taking this antibiotic.

Common substances that inhibit doxycycline include:

• calcium, as found in milk, calcium supplements, Tums;
• magnesium, iron, and zinc, as found in vitamins and supplements; 
• warfarin

Doxycycline is a common inexpensive antibiotic. If your personal physician is reluctant to help you build a stockpile, you have a few options to acquire doxycycline on your own.

• Ranch and feed stores often carry "fish" antibiotics.
• Online at fishmoxfishflex.com or kraftdrug.com. (I have no experience with either of these companies.)
• Overseas and across the border pharmacies. We've used All Day Chemist for several years.

Dr. Cynthia Koelker recommends storing at least one hundred 100 mg tablets for a family of four for one year. Government studies demonstrated that most medicines are effective for several years past the date stamped on the bottle. Their tests of doxycycline showed it was effective an average of 50 months past the stamped date.

The following are typical dosages and treatment courses for some TEOTWAWKI-type illnesses. These are not prescriptions. They are only a means of helping you calculate how much doxycycline may wish to have on hand for your family, and so that a physician can treat your loved ones as best as possible. All are adult dosages. Children should not be given doxycycline, except in extreme situations.

• Tularemia. 100 mg, every 12 hours, for 10-14 days. Unfortunately, there's a good chance for relapse.
• Pneumonic plague. 
• Prophylactic treatment post-exposure (for those who have been exposed to pneumonic plague, but are not sick): 100 mg/2x per day for the first day, then 100 mg per day for 7 days; 
• For sick individuals: 100 mg/2x per day for the first day, then 100 mg per day for 10 days. 
• Tick bites. If you have the resources, every patient presenting with a tick bite in a high-risk area may be given a 200 mg single dose. 
• If I had an immediate family member with a tick that had possibly been attached for more than twelve hours, and assuming I still had an adequate supply, I wouldn't hesitate to use doxycycline in this manner. 
• Others can use their own supplies or hope for the best. I wouldn't use my supplies prophylactically on someone outside my family. 
• For bacterial tick-borne diseases, physicians typically prescribe 100 mg/2x per day/10-14 days. 
• Typhus. The dosage recommended for adults is 100 mg/2x per day/usually 7-10 days (until at least three days after the fever subsides). For children under 100 pounds, the dosage is 2.2 mg/kg twice per day. Without doxycycline, most patients will die. For what it's worth, in wartime outbreaks, many of the typhus fatalities were actually among those nursing the ill and wounded. 
• Dog and cat bites. 50-100 mg, 2 times per day, for 3-5 days (but not for children under the age of nine, or pregnant or nursing women). 
• Cholera. A single 300 mg dose.

Doxycycline is a second line antibiotic for treating pneumonia and infected burns.

Doxycycline is also indicated for some foodborne infections--Escherichia coli, Shigella, and Enterobacter infections; sexually-transmitted diseases--chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and pelvic inflammatory disease; some urinary tract infections, chronic prostatitis, and epididymitis; upper respiratory infections caused by strep, MRSA infections, and some parasitic worm infections (per Dr. Joseph Alton, it kills bacteria in the worms that the worms need to survive.

Contraindications: Not for use in pregnancy. It is not for use in children except in the case of typhus, post-exposure anthrax, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, or when there are no other alternatives available in a life-threatening situation.

Links to related posts:
Acquiring Antibiotics
Cholera
Typhus
Tularemia
Tick-Borne Bacterial Illnesses  
Dog and Cat Bites
Pneumonic Plague

For further reading:
Dr. Joseph Alton, Alton's Antibiotics, pp 495-496.
Dr. Cynthia Koelker, Armageddon Medicine.
© 2020, PrepSchoolDaily.blogspot.com

 4 february 2020

How to Make Dakin's Solution--and Why You Want It

Dakin's solution was developed during WWI as a wound antiseptic.  It is used to kill germs and prevent growth of germs in wounds.  It is an excellent solution for irrigating wounds without killing healthy tissue.  It is very inexpensive and easy to make, and thus ideally suited for the difficult circumstances a collapsed society will present.  

To make your own, you will need:
Sterile equipment--pan and lid, glass jar(s) and tight-fitting lid(s), measuring cups and spoons
32 oz clean water
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
Regular, unscented, not concentrated or ultra, just regular bleach in one of the following concentrations:

full-strength--3 ounces (95 ml) bleach--for sterilizing instruments
1/2 strength--3 tablespoons plus 1 teaspoon (48 ml) bleach--for debridement of necrotized wounds
1/4 strength--1 tablespoon plus 2 teaspoons (24 ml) bleach--for irrigating wounds
1/8 strength--2 1/2 teaspoons (12 ml) bleach--for irrigating the mouth (do not swallow!)

Boil water for 15 minutes with the lid on the pan.  Remove from heat.  Add the baking soda to the boiled water.  Measure bleach according to desired strength and add to water.  Cover tightly in a glass jar and wrap the jar in aluminum foil to shield it from light.  (Do not store Dakin's solution in metal containers.)  Once opened for use it is good only for 48 hours.  Discard unused portion.  Unopened and protected from light, the solution can be stored for one month at room temperature.

Label the jar with the date and time you made the solution, as well as the date to discard it.

The full-strength solution is used only on stainless steel medical instruments.  Dakin's solution will corrode nickel, chromium steel, iron, and other metals.  Because of its corrosive nature, instruments should not be in the bath solution for longer than 30 minutes. 

Use only 1/4 strength solution for acute wound irrigation.  Always irrigate very generously with plain water following irrigation with Dakin's solution.  Use the 1/8 strength solution for mouth wash; do not swallow it. Do not use in individuals allergic to any of the ingredients.

Links to related posts:
Skin Preps and Washes
Cleaning, Disinfecting, and Sterilizing
Medicinal Uses of Baking Soda

References:
https://www.itstactical.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Dakins_Solution.pdf
http://pottssurgery.com/documents/public/Dakin'%20s%20Solution.pdf

26 may 2020

Top Ten Herbs That Are Effective Against Gram-Negative Bacteria

Last week I posted a list of my top ten herbs that are effective against Gram-positive bacteria.  Today’s article focuses on some of the best herbs for fighting against Gram-negative bacteria. 

(For a little background, Gram-positive and –negative are terms used to classify bacteria.  The Gram stain, developed by Hans Christian Gram in 1884, involves staining the bacteria and then observing them under a microscope.  Gram-positive bacteria have a thick cell wall that readily absorbs the stain (crystal violet or methylene blue dye).  Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane and a thin cell wall that resist staining.  The latter are much more likely to develop antibiotic resistance and in general pose a greater public health risk than Gram-positive bacteria.)

Today’s focus is on herbs that are effective against Gram-negative bacteria.  Seven of these ten herbs also made the top ten list for herbs effective against Gram-positive bacteria.  (Multi-taskers.  Love it.)  Nine of the ten are effective against salmonella (food poisoning) and Klebsiella pneumoniae, the latter causing pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, usually in a hospital setting.  Eight will knock out Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacteria commonly found in the soil, water, and air, but which often causes opportunistic infections in those with compromised immune systems. Six work against Shigella, which causes a type of food poisoning with symptoms of bloody diarrhea (among other things) and which the CDC noted earlier this month is becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics.  Four are effective against cholera. 

As with the Gram-positive herbs, I’ve placed these in descending order, with the most overall effective against Gram-negative bacteria at the top of the list. 

Ginger

• Campylobacter jejuni^[1]
• Escherichia coli^[2]
• Haemophilus influenzae^[3]
• Helicobacter pylori^[4]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae^[5]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[6]
• Salmonella ^[7]
• Shigella spp.^{[8] [9]}

Japanese barberry

• Chlamydia spp.^[10]
• Escherichia coli (urinary tract and intestinal infections)^[11]
• Helicobacter pylori^[12]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae^[13]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[14]
• Salmonella^[15]
• Shigella spp.^[16]
• Vibrio cholerae^[17]

Juniper

• Brucella^[18]
• Enterobacter^[19]
• Escherichia coli^[20]
• Helicobacter pylori^[21]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae^[22]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[23]
• Salmonella^[24]
• Shigella spp.^[25]

 

Licorice

• Haemophilus influenzae^[26]
• Helicobacter pylori^[27]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae^[28]
• Salmonella^[29]
• Shigella dysenteriae^[30]
• Vibrio cholerae^[31]

 

Elder

• Escherichia coli (berries, leaves)^[32]
• Haemophilus influenzae (berries)^[33]
• Helicobacter pylori (berries)^[34]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa (berries, flowers)^[35]
• Salmonella (berries, flowers)^{[36] [37]}
• Shigella dysenteriae (berries)^{[38] [39]}

 

Garlic

o   Escherichia coli^{[40] [41]}

o   Helicobacter pylori^[42]

o   Klebsiella spp.^[43]

o   Proteus spp.^[44]

o   Salmonella^{[45] [46]}

o   Stenotrophomonas maltophilia^[47]

o   Vibrio cholerae^[48]

 

Basil

• Enterobacter aerogenes^{[49] [50] [51]}
• Escherichia coli^{[52] [53] [54]}
• Haemophilus influenzae^[55]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae^{[56] [57] [58]}
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa^{[59] [60]}
• Salmonella^{[61] [62] [63]}

 

Pomegranate

• Escherichia coli^{[64] [65]}
• Helicobacter pylori^[66]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Salmonella ^[67]
• Shigella^[68]
• Vibrio cholerae^[69]

 

Cabbage

o   Escherichia coli O157:H7^[70]

o   Helicobacter pylori^[71]

o   Klebsiella pneumoniae^[72]

o   Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[73]

o   Salmonella^[74]

Usnea

• Bacteroides spp.^{[75] [76]}
• Escherichia coli^[77]
• Helicobacter pylori^[78]
• Klebsiella pneumoniae^[79]
• Proteus mirabilis^[80]
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa^[81]
• Yersinia enterocolitica^[82]

 

Note that this is not an exhaustive list of the diseases these herbs fight.  These are just the diseases caused by Gram-negative bacteria that commonly occur in people.  (For more comprehensive lists of the diseases these herbs are effective against, see articles on the specific herb.)  Some of these herbs are also effective against Gram-positive bacteria as well as viruses.  Include at least two or three herbs from this list in your herbal medicine chest.  Other articles on the blog detail how to prepare the medicine from these herbs.  If you are already using conventional pharmaceuticals to battle a bacterial infection, these herbs may help—assuming they are in the same family.  Synergisms can be very effective.  Also, these herbs may help overcome antibiotic resistance.

Keep in mind that the active constituents in many of these herbs are best extracted with alcohol.  Make sure you have some on hand, and include strengths of around 100 proof like vodka to something as high as 180-190-proof such as Everclear or Mohawk. You’ll also need coffee filters and canning jars.  

Links to related posts:

Basil  

Cabbage 

Elder  

Garlic  

Japanese barberry

Juniper

Licorice  

Pomegranate  

Usnea

Top Ten Herbs That Are Effective Against Gram-Positive Bacteria  

Applying Knowledge of Herbs to Managing Gram-Positive Bacterial Illnesses

Cholera in a Collapsed Society  

Salmonella Treatment in TEOTWAWKI

Shigella—Another Bacterial Culprit in Food Poisoning  

Introduction to Tinctures  

---

[1] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 172.

[2] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 232.

[3] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 172.

[4] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 172.

[5] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 172.

[6] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 172.

[7] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 232.

[8] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 232.

[9] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 232.

[10] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 164.

[11] Charles W. Kane, Medicinal Plants of the Western Mountain States, 2017, 79.

[12] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 164.

[13] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 164.

[14] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 164.

[15] Charles W. Kane, Medicinal Plants of the Western Mountain States, 2017, 79.

[16] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 164.

[17] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 164.

[18] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[19] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[20] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[21] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[22] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[23] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[24] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[25] Stephen Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 180.

[26] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2013, 222.

[27] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2013, 222.

[28] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2013, 222.

[29] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2013, 222.

[30] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2013, 222.

[31] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2013, 222.

[32] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 157.

[33] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 157.

[34] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 157.

[35] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 157.

[36] Charles W. Kane, Medicinal Plants of the Western Mountain States, 2017, 129.

[37] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 157.

[38] Charles W. Kane, Medicinal Plants of the Western Mountain States, 2017, 129.

[39] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 157.

[40] S Masaudi, et al., Antimicrobial activity of garlic juice (Allium sativum), honey, and garlic-honey mixture on some sensitive and multi-resistant microorganisms, Life Science Journal, 2013, Vol 10 No 4, http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1004/325_21789life1004_2429_2435.pdf (accessed 23 February 2022).

[41] J Borlinghaus, et al., Allicin: chemistry and biological properties, Molecules, 19 August 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6271412/ (accessed 20 March 2023).

[42] S Masaudi, et al., Antimicrobial activity of garlic juice (Allium sativum), honey, and garlic-honey mixture on some sensitive and multi-resistant microorganisms, Life Science Journal, 2013, Vol 10 No 4, http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1004/325_21789life1004_2429_2435.pdf (accessed 23 February 2022).

[43] S Masaudi, et al., Antimicrobial activity of garlic juice (Allium sativum), honey, and garlic-honey mixture on some sensitive and multi-resistant microorganisms, Life Science Journal, 2013, Vol 10 No 4, http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1004/325_21789life1004_2429_2435.pdf (accessed 23 February 2022).

[44] S Masaudi, et al., Antimicrobial activity of garlic juice (Allium sativum), honey, and garlic-honey mixture on some sensitive and multi-resistant microorganisms, Life Science Journal, 2013, Vol 10 No 4, http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1004/325_21789life1004_2429_2435.pdf (accessed 23 February 2022).

[45] S Masaudi, et al., Antimicrobial activity of garlic juice (Allium sativum), honey, and garlic-honey mixture on some sensitive and multi-resistant microorganisms, Life Science Journal, 2013, Vol 10 No 4, http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life1004/325_21789life1004_2429_2435.pdf (accessed 23 February 2022).

[46] J Borlinghaus, et al., Allicin: chemistry and biological properties, Molecules, 19 August 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6271412/ (accessed 20 March 2023).

[47] Steven Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 71.

[48] J Borlinghaus, et al., Allicin: chemistry and biological properties, Molecules, 19 August 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6271412/ (accessed 20 March 2023).

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