I first read about isatis, dyer’s woad, in a magazine article on using plants to make natural dyes for yarn. Processed properly, it yields a deep indigo dye. But I wasn’t interested. Using commercially produced dyes is so much easier.
A short while later, I read about isatis again, in Stephen Buhner’s references Herbal Antibiotics and Herbal Antivirals. I bought some seed which I never got around to planting.
And then we moved out to Northeastern Nevada. And as I was driving past the lone electronic billboard in town, I saw the image of dyer’s woad plastered up there like a common criminal. Which is what isatis apparently is here—a highly invasive weed that spoils pastures and spreads like wildfire. It loves semi-arid, alkaline, poor soils with just a little water. (That describes my location to a T.) The rancher at the end of the street does his best to eliminate it; his neighbor across the street foils all his efforts. It was a natural choice for sourcing seeds for my own isatis plants.
(Unfortunately, I made the mistake of sharing my newfound information with my husband. Horrified that such a monster could be living in our very neighborhood and could do such damage to pastures, he foiled my first two efforts at gathering seed to sow here. So with my latest attempt, I knew I had to do everything in one fell swoop. I gathered seed from one of the last standing stalks (the rancher missed a few growing outside the fence), brought it home, and broadcast the 50 or so seed pods in a never-to-be-disclosed location. I can hardly wait for them to grow.)
Grown in a garden (not advised), it will look a lot like its relative, broccoli. It propagates and self-seeds easily and requires sun. It does well from sea level to 7,000 feet.[1]
Isatis became recognized as a pharmacopoieal plant in Europe in 2011.[2] As a broad-spectrum antiviral, isatis potentiates viral vaccines and stimulates the immune system. It’s an herbal powerhouse to add to the arsenal if at all possible.
HARVEST
The leaves and roots are used differently[3]; harvest and store them separately.
Leaves. Gather from first season and second season plants before flowering. Some of the active constituents become more powerful following heat drying. Dry the leaves at 100°F. Store in airtight containers in the dark. They will last several years. [4]
Roots. Harvest in the fall of the first year or the following spring. Wash the fresh roots and thinly slice while still fresh. Spread them out to dry, out of the sun, in a warm area. Bag the roots in plastic. These also store well for many years. [5]
PREPARATION
Only the leaves and roots are used, and only as decoctions or tinctures. Tinctures are normally not used alone but in combination with other tinctures. The leaves possess potent antiviral effects. Also, the leaves are best used for acute conditions, while the roots are better suited for chronic conditions. The roots are also more antibacterial in their effect.[6]
The leaves must be dry before tincturing. In addition, if you have hard water, you need to add 1 tablespoon of vinegar to the water to help extract the alkaloids.[7]
Decoction. Root: 10-30 grams of the root (1/3-1 ounce) boiled for 30 minutes.[8] Dosage: 1 cup 3 times per day to a maximum of 3 weeks.
Leaf: 60-120 grams, boiled for 30 minutes. Dosage, 1 cup, 3 times per day. [9]
Tincture. Dried leaf and root (in a 2:1 ratio of leaves to roots), 1:5 ratio in 25% alcohol. Boil the leaves and root and then let steep until cool. Add the alcohol at this point. Dosage: 1 teaspoon up to 10 times per day.[10]
EFFECTIVE AGAINST
· Bacteria
o Acinetobacter baumanii[11]
o B. sphaericus (alcohol/water extract)[12]
o Bacillus subtilis (alcohol/water extract)[13]
o Clostridium difficile[14] [15]
o Escherichia coli (water extract of root)[16] [17] [18]
o Haemophilus influenzae (water extract of root)[19] [20]
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa (water extract of leaf)[24]
o Salmonella spp.[25]
o Staphylococcus aureus[26] [27] (water extract)
o Streptococcus spp. (water extract of root)[28] [29]
· Fungi
o Aspergillus niger[31]
Parasites
o Plasmodium falciparum[23]
o Toxoplasma gondii[30]
· Viruses
o Adenoviruses[34]
o Avian infectious bronchitis[35]
o Chicken pox/shingles[36]
o Coxsackie (B2, B3, B4)[37] [38]
o Epstein-Barr[41]
o Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome[42]
o Herpes simplex[45] [46] [47]
o Human adenovirus type 3[48]
o Influenza A and B (H1N1, H6N2, H7N3, H9N2)[49] [50]
o Japanese encephalitis[51]
o Measles[52]
o Meningitis (enterococcal)[53] [54]
o RSV[57]
o Rubella[58]
Isatis is particularly effective against Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria release endotoxins from the outer wall of the bacteria when they die. In some diseases, it is the endotoxins released by the bacteria rather than the bacteria themselves that kill. Isatis is an excellent herb for treating systemic infections with Gram-negative bacteria if endotoxin release is a concern.[63] [64] [65]
MODERN USAGE
· Cardiovascular
· Communicable diseases
o Infectious mononucleosis (root)[72] [73]
o Leishmaniasis[74]
o Malaria[75]
o Mumps (leaves, root)[78] [79] [80]
o Rubella[81]
· Eyes
o Bacterial conjunctivitis, in eye drops (root decoction, 6 times per day)[82]
· Gastrointestinal
o Clostridium difficile[83]
o Gastroenteritis (leaf decoction)[84]
o Heartburn[85]
o Hepatitis, viral (leaf decoction, root)[86] [87] [88]
o Jaundice[89]
o Mucositis, radiation induced (root decoction)[90]
o Typhoid[91]
· Musculoskeletal
o Arthritis (leaf)[92] [93] [94]
· Neurological
o Encephalitis, including tick-borne (leaf decoction)[95]
o Headache (leaves) [96]
o Meningitis (leaves)[97] [98] [99]
· Respiratory
o Cough[104]
o Epstein-Barr, particularly with acute-onset sore throat[105]
o Fever (leaf)[106]
o Haemophilis influenzae (tincture, 1 teaspoon, 6 times per day)[107] [108]
o Influenza (leaves)[109] [110] [111]
o Laryngitis (leaves)[112] [113]
o Pseudomonas aeruginosa (tincture, 1 teaspoon, 6 times per day)[114]
o RSV[115]
o SARS (leaf decoction, root)[116] [117] [118]
o Scarlet fever (root)[119] [120]
o Sore throat (leaves, root)[121] [122] [123]
o Tonsillitis[124]
o Viral pneumonia (leaf decoction)[125] [126]
· Skin
o Carbuncle (leaves)[127] [128]
o Chickenpox (root)[129]
o Contact dermatitis (leaf extract, but must be taken internally)[130] [131]
o Eczema[132]
o Erysipelas (leaves, root)[133] [134]
o Hives[135]
o MRSA[136]
· Urogenital
o Urinary tract infections due to Candida (tincture, 1 teaspoon, 3 times per day, in equal amounts with lomatium and echinacea tinctures)[139]
HISTORICAL USAGE
· Gastrointestinal
o Hemorrhoids[140]
o Ulcers[141]
· Skin
o Snakebites
o Tumors[142]
o Wounds[143]
OTHER USAGE: Many other rare viruses that will be extremely difficult to identify without laboratory support, leukemia[144] [145] [146] [147], non-melanoma skin cancer[148], and cancer of the lungs and ovaries[149]. Isatis may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. [150]
INTERACTIONS: Isatis is synergistic with antibiotics and viral vaccines.[151] One study showed that a 75% alcohol extract of the leaves potentiated the effects of penicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and ceftriaxone against MRSA infections.[152] It may interfere with tests that measure total bilirubin content. [153]
SIDE EFFECTS: May cause nausea and vomiting.
CAUTIONS: Isatis normally should not be taken for longer than 3 weeks. Overuse (longer than 3 weeks) may induce a deep chill. Long-term use may also result in weakness or dizziness, both of which resolve a few days after use is discontinued. Isatis should not be used by individuals on dialysis or those with kidney failure. [154]
[1] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 202.
[2] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[3] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[4] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[5] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[6] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 193.
[7] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 195.
[8] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 316.
[9] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 372.
[10] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 372.
[11] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 55.
[12] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 193.
[13] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[14] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[15] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 48.
[16] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[17] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 57.
[18] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[19] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 60.
[20] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[21] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[22] Aftab, Ahmad, et al., Isatis tinctoria mediated synthesis of amphotericin B-bound silver nanoparticles with enhanced photoinduced antileishmanial activity: A novel green approach, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, Biology, August 2016, Vol 161, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27203567/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[23] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[24] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200, 207.
[25] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[26] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[27] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[28] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[29] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[30] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[31] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[32] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 74.
[33] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[34] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 57.
[35] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[36] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[37] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200, 207.
[38] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[39] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 105, 200.
[40] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[41] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[42] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[43] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[44] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[45] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 113-14, 116, 200.
[46] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[47] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[48] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[49] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[50] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[51] Shu-Jen Chang, et al., Antiviral activity of Isatis indigotica extract and its derived indirubin against Japanese encephalitis virus, Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 17 July 2012, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3405817/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[52] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[53] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 50.
[54] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 45.
[55] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[56] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[57] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 58, 200.
[58] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[59] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 200.
[60] Shih-Ling Hsuan, et al., The cytotoxicity to leukemia cells and antiviral effects of Isatis indigotica extracts on pseudorabies virus, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 4 May 2009, Vol 123 No 1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126793/ (accessed 18 September 2021)
[61] Cheng-Wen Lin, et al., Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds, Antiviral Research, October 2005, Vol 68 No 1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114321/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[62] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[63] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 45.
[64] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 207.
[65] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[66] Sam Coffman, Herbal Medic, 2014, 59.
[67] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[68] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 206.
[69] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[70] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 415.
[71] Sam Coffman, Herbal Medic, 2014, 59.
[72] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 206.
[73] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[74] Aftab, Ahmad, et al., Isatis tinctoria mediated synthesis of amphotericin B-bound silver nanoparticles with enhanced photoinduced antileishmanial activity: A novel green approach, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, Biology, August 2016, Vol 161, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27203567/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[75] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 75.
[76] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[77] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[78] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 205.
[79] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[80] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[81] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[82] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 206.
[83] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 48.
[84] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 205.
[85] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[86] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 205.
[87] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[88] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[89] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[90] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 206.
[91] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[92] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 207.
[93] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[94] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[95] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 80, 83-84, 201, 205.
[96] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 205.
[97] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[98] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 45.
[99] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[100] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 207.
[101] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[102] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 205.
[103] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[104] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[105] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 112-13, 201.
[106] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 205.
[107] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 61.
[108] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 60.
[109] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 205.
[110] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[111] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[112] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[113] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[114] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 64.
[115] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[116] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 205.
[117] Shih-Ling Hsuan, et al., The cytotoxicity to leukemia cells and antiviral effects of Isatis indigotica extracts on pseudorabies virus, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 4 May 2009, Vol 123 No 1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7126793/ (accessed 18 September 2021)
[118] Cheng-Wen Lin, et al., Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds, Antiviral Research, October 2005, Vol 68 No 1, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114321/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[119] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[120] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[121] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[122] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[123] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[124] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201.
[125] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 201, 205.
[126] Qiong Chen, et al., Isatis indigotica: a review of phytochemistry, pharmacological activities and clinical applications, Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 29 March 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8249990/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
[127] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antivirals, 2013, 205.
[128] Jasmine Speranza, et al., Isatis tinctoria L. (woad): a review of its botany, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, biological activities, and biotechnological studies, Plants (Basel), March 2020, Vol 9 No 3, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7154893/ (accessed 18 September 2021).
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20 september 2021
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