Would You Like a Side of Roundup with That?

Among all the topics I’ve researched for this blog, one that fascinates me most (well, at least in the top ten), is the common substances that either overcome antibiotic resistance or contribute to it.  Any time I write on an herb that is found to help overcome antibiotic resistance, I make note of it.  Even if we or our family members are opposed to herbal medicine, almost nobody would decline using a tea or tincture that might help cure a bacterial infection faster. 

And then there are the substances that facilitate antibiotic resistance.  The Australian study that showed that Tylenol and Advil contribute to antibiotic resistance, particularly in regard to Cipro and amoxicillin, blew my mind.[1]  The pills we take to feel better may actually kill us.  Seems counterproductive.

As if Cipro, Tylenol, and Advil weren’t bad enough, Roundup (glyphosate) wants in on the action. 

Of course, you say, you don’t normally ingest Roundup, so you’re safe. 

LOL. 

Almost all of us are taking it to some extent, in daily doses, in our food.  Roundup is, after all, the most widely used herbicide in the world.  It’s applied to wheat, corn, and soybean crops, and that’s just the tip of the iceberg.  It’s never rinsed off.  Food is processed, and we eat it, getting small doses of Roundup with every bite. 

Is that really something we should be doing?

It appears that sustained exposure to Roundup is selecting for traits that enhance the clinical risk for antibiotic-resistant illnesses.[2]  That’s in plants, in the field.  Note that none of these studies have been done with respect to the food that we eat and medicines we take.  However, the observation that Roundup facilitates antibiotic resistance is worth investigating.  Many more studies are forthcoming. 

In the meantime, it would behoove us to be a little more careful with our diet, including with the foods that we store.  Knowing that Roundup is applied to soybeans, corn, and wheat suggests that perhaps we don’t want to feed that food to our children.  If we’re sick, and especially if antibiotics will be administered, we might wish to avoid foods grown with Roundup.  That includes anything with corn or soy as ingredients, all sugar beets, and wheat.  And we might wish to set aside that really old wheat that sat in Penny’s barn for 50 years, since before Roundup.  It doesn’t make good bread, but it could become quite valuable yet.

In addition, consider refreshing your memory with which herbs help overcome antibiotic resistance.  Juniper, pomegranate, thyme, ginger, and Japanese barberry are some of the most potent. 

Links to related posts:

Boost Antibiotic Efficacy with Medicinal Herbs 

Pain Relievers and Antibiotic Resistance 

---

[1] H Chen,. et al. The effect of commonly used non-antibiotic medications on antimicrobial resistance development in Escherichia coli. npj Antimicrob Resist 3, 73 (2025).https://www.nature.com/articles/s44259-025-00144-w (accessed 8 July 2026).

[2] Knecht CA, et al., Glyphosate resistance as a potential driver for the dissemination of multidrug-resistant clinical strains, Frontiers in Microbiology, 24 March 2026, https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13054660/ (accessed 8 July 2026).

"God Will Provide": Strategies for Feeding the Freeloaders as Painlessly as Possible

When talking to others about preparing to face the challenges coming our way, how often do you hear the ones who don't want to prepare say, "God will provide"?  Here's what I think they need to be told:

No, God commanded you to provide for your family, the people He blessed you with.  Just as He told me to prepare for my family.  Read your Bible.

After Adam and Eve spent some lovely time in the Garden of Eden, they were invited to leave and start working hard to feed themselves.  The children of Israel were given manna in the wilderness, but that came to an end, too.  God told them to provide for themselves, building up food storage of at least a year's supply to see them through the jubilee year that was observed every seven years.  He gave a few other commandments, too, which a whole lot of them failed to take seriously.  Some Israelites ended up eating their children.

I don't believe in feeding freeloaders* because it won't contribute to a healthy community.  It's not good for them or their children.  And frankly, I don't have the money.  If God wanted me to provide for you, He would provide me the money and strength to do so.  The money's not there for you.  Believe me, my husband checks the bank balance every day.  He's pretty good about letting me know that the money just isn't there for XYZ.  If it isn't there for XYZ, it isn't there for you.  The strength isn't there, either.  As I'm in my mid-50s, the situation isn't likely to improve any time soon.

For those who continue to insist that "God will provide," why not just sit back right now, let Him provide, and enjoy life?  What's stopping you?  Be brave.  Take that first step.

For those who have a little doubt that God won't provide exactly what you want (and perhaps that is why you are still working), let's take a look at what God does provide.

God gave you a body and brains.  If you don't use the brains God gave you to prepare for future challenges, that's your choice, something else God gave you.  If you belatedly decide you are hungry, you will have to use the body God gave you to bust buns all day long to get enough to eat.  That's history, something else God provided for us to learn from.  And you will be lucky.  We also have the parable of the laborers from the Savior himself.  Some laborers didn't get hired at all at that time, something the people of that time understood well.  If they didn't work, they and their families didn't eat.  More reality and history.

God also gave us weeds.  You can eat them to fill your belly.  No, they probably won't satisfy, but they'll keep you alive.  Probably.  For a little while. If you know which ones are edible and which are poisonous.  Around here we have juniper berries (year-round), Russian olives (even the Indians only considered these as famine food, however), rose hips, purslane, plantain, mallow, and tumbleweeds (before they grow their stickers).  I'll be happy to point them out to you if I have time.  No, I don't have any experience in preparing most of them.  (Tumbleweeds taste fine, in my opinion, but the season for gathering them is short, and it takes a long time to get enough for dinner.)  I chose to prepare real food instead.

John the Baptist, a really good guy that God liked, ate locusts and honey.  You can, too.  You go catch the locusts.  You go ask the bees for their honey.  No, I don't have any beekeeping gear to share.  I donated it a few years ago.  And I don't know where any beehives are.  God's prophet Elijah was in a precarious situation.  He'd been doing God's work and was being fed by ravens. 

What God did not give you, notwithstanding the claims of the communists and socialists among us, is my body.  I am not your slave and I am not working for you.

If God chooses to bless the freeloader through my family and me, here's what else may be available:

• Food that is way out of date.  Most of us will eat food that is out of date somewhat, but we all have lines we draw where something just becomes "too old."  That's what the freeloader will get.
• Home-canned goods from the Eisenhower administration.   Don't worry about what exactly it is.  When food is that old, it all looks the same.  It probably tastes the same, too.
• Foods that have gone rancid or developed off-tastes.  Everyone says hunger is the best seasoning, so you should be fine.  And rancid food won't kill you.  At least, not immediately.
• If you're really blessed, there may be some old flour and beans.  The flour may not bake up so well, but you don't have any yeast anyway, so you probably won't notice.  And the beans may not soften.  Maybe you can get creative with it and mix it with the weeds God provides.
• Anything with bugs in it.  Think of them as bonus protein.  And it's even being promoted by all the nut jobs in the media now, so you can feel like you're doing your part to save the planet.  It will help assuage those hunger pangs. 
  

This isn't being harsh or uncaring.  It's just reality.  If you prepare, you prepare the foods you want to eat.  If you don't and plan on relying on God, the above is what's on the menu. 

*There is a distinct difference between freeloaders and the truly destitute.  Freeloaders are those who can and should have prepared and are able to work.  The destitute are impoverished due to circumstances beyond their control.

 10 september 2020

Common Commercial Landscaping Plants for Herbal Medicine

Disclaimer.  I am not a licensed health practitioner.  This is just another post on items you might wish to have available if needed so that a physician can treat you and your family as best as possible.  No medication, including those available over the counter, should be taken without consulting a physician.  Information shared here is for educational and entertainment purposes only.  It is not medical advice nor a substitute for licensed medical care.  A qualified, licensed physician or other medical provider should be consulted before beginning any herbal or conventional treatment.


So much of writing about herbal medicine in a collapsed society revolves around finding plants in the wild.  However, as the current pandemic has demonstrated, none of us had to bug out.  We're all at home.  We also found some medicines became a little more difficult to obtain.  Fortunately, with social distancing, far fewer people are getting sick.  But what will the next crisis bring?  While food shortages and riots seem baked in, beyond that it's difficult to guess. 

Still, illnesses can and will happen.  What if you can't get the pharmaceuticals you want?  What if you live in the city, or you're a student or apartment dweller? What if you can't grow your own herbal medicine?

While many lack the ability to grow herbs for medicine due to constraints of property location or personal situation, it's critical to be as self-reliant as possible, even in a city.  Happily, there are dozens of common commercial landscaping plants that are also medicinal.

Because commercial landscaping plants are more likely to have pesticides applied, you may not wish to use them except in an emergency.  When you do have to use them, keep in mind that plants used in commercial landscaping are chosen partially for being low maintenance, so there really shouldn't be much sprayed on them.  Just wash them well.

Be judicious and stealthy in harvesting. Picking a few honeysuckle blooms or snipping off a bit of rosemary for a tea probably won't get you in trouble, but digging out half a Japanese barberry to make a tincture will likely be frowned upon.  Remember, this is for a time when society has completely collapsed and you have no other options.  As long as there is still a functioning community, don't break the law and don't violate the property of others.

The following is a short list of common commercial landscaping plants that also have medicinal qualities and are used in my area.  There are blog articles on most of these.  Just click on the links.  Take a look at what is used in your area and do a little research to see what medicinal qualities those plants hold.

• Cinquefoil
• Japanese barberry
• Japanese honeysuckle
• Juniper
• Lavender
• Oak
• Pine
• Rosemary

At the same time, consider the weeds and trees in your public parks.  Budget cuts often mean the weeds aren't being sprayed and the grass isn't being fertilized.  Of course, there are all the dogs to deal with, but if you go off the beaten path, you may find some good stuff.

• Dandelion
• Mallow
• Plantain
• Purslane 
• Red clover
• Usnea
• Yarrow

Using herbs for medicine doesn't require tromping about in the wild.  You can probably find what you need growing right in your neighborhood.  Pick one new herb to learn about each week, and within three months you'll have a really good variety to choose from.


Links to related posts:
Click on the herbs in the lists above.

 20 july 2020

Preventing and Treating Urinary Tract Infections in TEOTWAWKI

Disclaimer.  I am not a licensed health practitioner.  This is just another post on knowledge and understanding you might wish to acquire in advance of a disaster in case no higher care is available.  As long as our society is functioning, you should leave anything more substantial than applying a Band-Aid to the professionals.  No medication, including those available over the counter, should be taken without consulting a physician.  Information shared here is for educational and entertainment purposes only.  It is not medical advice nor a substitute for licensed medical care. 

The two types of urinary tract infections (UTIs) that we're concerned about are cystitis, which is a bladder infection, and pyelonephritis, which is a kidney infection.  The offending pathogen is most often Escherichia coli, and it wends its way from outside the body up through the urethra to the bladder.

Cystitis.  The urethra is much shorter and straight in women, while it is two to three times as long in men and travels a winding path.  The short, straight shot makes it very easy for women to develop these infections; indeed, women are about twenty times more likely than men to suffer UTIs.   However, women are also much more easily treated.

Men are far less likely to contract a UTI, but when they do, it is also more difficult to treat and must be approached more aggressively. 

Signs and symptoms of a bladder infection include the following:

• Fever
• Painful urination
• More frequent urination
• Lower abdominal pain, especially just above the pubic bone
• Cloudy urine
• Blood in the urine (but not often visible to the naked eye)
• Mental changes, most especially in the elderly

Elderly individuals with a UTI generally have less specific symptoms like confusion and unsteadiness.  A UTI must always be suspected in a confused elder, especially one in whom this change has been fairly rapid. 

A definitive diagnosis is best achieved with urinalysis strips.  A bottle of 100 strips runs about $11.  They've got about a two-year shelf-life unopened, and are good for ninety days after the bottle is opened.  If the dipstick shows protein, blood, and leukocytes, the patient most likely has a UTI. 

Treatment.  A conservative approach to treatment is utilized in women who appear well.  For many, increasing fluid intake to wash the bacteria out will be sufficient.  (That's what they say.  I've never had a UTI, but I hear they're not a lot of fun.  I'm a wimp, and I think I would want to go straight for the antibiotics.  I'm just sharing here what the standard grid-down approach would be.)  Alkalinizing the urine is also recommended by using either 1 teaspoon of baking soda or 1 1/2 teaspoons of cream of tartar mixed in a cup of water.  Vitamin C is also reported to be very helpful as are cranberries and cranberry juice.  Cranberries are not effective for kidney and severe bladder infections. 

Unwell women are prescribed SMZ-TMP (Bactrim, Septra) for three days, and if that is ineffective, then cotrimoxazole or Augmentin for five to seven days.  Men are generally prescribed a longer course of treatment, for seven to ten days.  Other antibiotics that are sometimes used include amoxicillin, nitrofurantoin (Macrobid), ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin. 

Phenazopyridine (Azo, Uristat) is recommended for reducing the pain of urination.  Be aware that it will turn the urine a reddish-brown temporarily.  

Prevention.  The incidence of UTIs can be reduced or eliminated by practicing the following:

• Wipe front to back
• Urinate after intercourse
• Go when you need to go
• Refrain from taking bubble baths or using strong soap on the genitals

Pyelonephritis.  The symptoms of a kidney infection are similar to those of a bladder infection, but much more severe.  There is more pain and a higher fever, often accompanied by nausea and vomiting.  The pain may radiate from the back just below the ribs and down to the thighs.  The same antibiotics are used, but for ten to fourteen days.  Failure to treat pyelonephritis may result in sepsis and death. 
 
Herbs used to treat bladder and kidney infections include:

• Arrowroot, 2 teaspoons per cup of water
• Mullein root tincture, 30-60 drops, 2-3 times per day
• Juniper needle infusion, 2 cups of boiling water over 1 tablespoon of crushed needles, and steep for 10-15 minutes.  Drink one cup twice per day.
• Plantain infusion, 1/2 cup fresh or 1/2 teaspoon dried leaves steeped for 10-15 minutes, 3 times per day
• Goldenrod tea with 1-2 tablespoons of vinegar

For further reading:
Survival and Austere Medicine, 3rd Edition, pp 140-42.
The Survival Medicine Handbook, pp 179-81.

DIY Penicillin--Do You Really Want to Go There?

Disclaimer.  I am not a licensed health practitioner.  This is just another post on an item you might wish to have available if needed so that a physician can treat you and your family as best as possible.  No medication, including those available over the counter, should be taken without consulting a physician.  Information shared here is for educational and entertainment purposes only.  It is not medical advice nor a substitute for licensed medical care.  A qualified, licensed physician or other medical provider should be consulted before beginning any herbal or conventional treatment.


Yeah, penicillin can be DIY'ed.  After all, Alexander Fleming did it in 1928 and millions of lives have been blessed by penicillin ever since.  While making penicillin at home may not be a big deal to chemists and microbiologists, it's going to be a bit intimidating to the rest of us.  And even if we do happen to have some understanding of microbiology under our belts, DIY penicillin demands a lot of time and resources.

In a crisis, we might have neither. You've got to have all the equipment and a sterile laboratory.  You've got to be able to maintain an incubating temperature of about 70 degrees for a few weeks, and you've got to make your own culture medium.  Expensive chemicals with short shelf lives are also needed.  On top of all that, you've got to make a boatload to treat one single infection.  There was a good reason why for the first several years, until production improved, the urine of patients taking penicillin was collected and the penicillin isolated from it to be re-used.  (Yum.)

And then there's the fact that this DIY penicillin isn't entirely stable, and it takes a few weeks to make it.  So you've basically always got to have some in production, just in case.  And you know, you're just going to have so much time on your hands when life gets really interesting.

If you think this sounds like a recipe for disaster, you're not the only one.

After reading such information, most opt for other means of obtaining penicillin and other antibiotics--getting the doctor to prescribe some medications just in case there's a problem when on vacation out of the country, or purchasing fish antibiotics, or buying from an overseas pharmacy.  I've done the latter two myself, and we've got a respectable stockpile of various antibiotics here.  But you know what?  That supply isn't inexhaustible.  The pills will eventually run out.  And then there are those poor suckers who are allergic to penicillin and can't even take it anyway.

Is there any other way?

Well, yes, actually, there is.

Most all of our medicines are derived from plants.  Researchers test various herbs, oftentimes based on old natural remedies, and determine which chemical compounds are most active against any given disease.  Then they create that compound synthetically.  They never use the plant, because plants can't be patented and won't make any money for Big Pharma.  But remember, they started with the plant.  It is really hard to make changes after being conditioned all our lives to trust physicians and pharmacists implicitly.  And I'm not saying either group is bad.  There are good people and bad people everywhere.  Anyway, we do have options.

Penicillin is used primarily to treat infections dealing with the ears, upper respiratory system, and skin.  And there are two herbs that will do the same thing.  And you can DIY an antibiotic from them for a whole lot less time, money, and stress.  Both involve making tinctures--you gather the herb, chop or dice or powder it, cover it with alcohol, and let it macerate (soak) for a few weeks.  Strain and bottle for long term keeping and you're done.  No complicated procedures or equipment. 

The first herb is Usnea.  I blogged about it nearly a year ago and you can click on the link below to read more yourself.  If you've spent any amount of time outdoors, you've probably seen it.  It's stuff a lot of us (erroneously) call moss that grows on trees.  There are over 600 different species, and they're all medicinal.  You just have to make sure not to confuse it with Spanish moss.  Tips for differentiating between the two are also included in that article.

The other herb is juniper.  I also posted information on it last year and you can click on the link below to read more.  The juniper berry is what is most medicinal, and it doesn't matter which variety you use.  It's found all over the country and is a popular choice in landscaping at schools and shopping centers.

Both tinctures take two to six weeks to make, so they're best to have on hand and ready before someone gets sick.  They're much easier and much cheaper to make than penicillin.  And there isn't the risk of a penicillin allergy.  The downside is having to locate grain alcohol, which is problematic for about half the country where sales of grain alcohol are illegal.  If you really can't get grain alcohol, use the highest proof you can find.

Links to related posts: 

Usnea
Juniper

For further information:
https://btprotocols-maulik.blogspot.com/2007/04/to-produce-penicillin-using-penicillium.html
https://www.bioprepper.com/2018/04/28/make-penicillin/
http://prepperswill.com/how-to-make-real-homemade-penicillin-during-a-disaster/
  23 september 2019

Getting Started with Herbal Medicine

Becoming prepared to face challenges looming ahead can be really overwhelming at times.  I totally get that.  There is so much to learn and so little time.
One of those challenges for me has been learning about herbs and how to use them as medicine.  There are so many fantastic herbs, so many ways to prepare and use them.  The herbal medicine books provide copious information on hundreds.  It can feel so overwhelming, especially as you read each one, learn what that herb does, and feel like you really need it, along with all the others.  The reality is, you don't need all that many.  With even just ten herbs, you can do a lot.  With twenty, you'd be set for just about any issue.

The trick is narrowing it down and being selective about what you choose to learn about and use.  Don't try to learn about all of them all at once.  Select one category to start with and choose five or so herbs from that group. If you start researching an herb and realize it doesn't address medical conditions you're likely to experience, choose another.  Here are some suggestions:

Culinary Herbs and Spices
Cayenne
Dill
Ginger
Lemon balm
Oregano
Parsley  
Peppermint  Rosemary
Spearmint
Thyme


Weeds

Dandelion
Gumweed
Mallow
Milk thistle

Plantain
Purslane
Red clover
Sagebrush

Home landscaping plants
Blackberry
Calendula  
Catnip 
Chamomile
Echinacea
Raspberry
Russian olive
Viburnum opulus
Yarrow

Commercial landscaping plants
Barberry
Honeysuckle
Lavender
Oregon grape
Potentilla
Rosemary
Russian sage


Native plants
Brigham Tea
Chokecherry
Elderberry
Gumweed
Juniper
Lomatium
Mullein

Oak
Pine
Sagebrush
Usnea


Or come up with your own list of what you have growing around you right now.

Finally, if the herbs you've chosen don't cover a known medical issue for you, then research what herbs do treat that condition.  Seek out and grow and cultivate those herbs.

Learn everything about your selected herbs.  Learn how to make the medicine.  Learn how to use it.  You can start your research with articles on this blog, but be sure to do more research.  It won't take that long, and most articles have references already provided for you.  Make sure you've got the necessary supplies.

Most importantly, learn before societal upheavals make learning difficult.  It's been a really interesting year thus far.  There's no telling what the next six months will bring.

14 june 2022

The Medicinal Uses of Arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis)

Cupressaceae family

Desert dweller that I am, as well as somewhat inclined to preparedness and threat mitigation, I am appalled at how many people in Nevada plant arborvitae right next to the house.  Do they not realize how incredibly flammable they are, especially when dry?  There’s a reason why I call them gasoline trees. 

Over the past couple of years, I’ve wondered a little about whether there was any known medicinal value to arborvitae.  It would be convenient if these common landscaping shrubs treated disease.  A little light research this morning yielded the following.

Arborvitae is in the same botanical family as that medicinal powerhouse juniper.  We can all see the family resemblance.  Other common names for this plant include tree of life and white, yellow, and red cedar.[1] [2]

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES

• Antifungal[3] [4]
• Anti-inflammatory[5]
• Antiviral[6] [7] [8]
• Astringent[9]
• Diaphoretic[10]
• Diuretic[11]
• Inner bark
• Tea[12]
• Twigs
• Tea[13]
• Emmenagogue[14] [15]
• Expectorant[16] [17]
• Especially when combined with echinacea[18]
• Immune stimulant
• Especially when combined with echinacea[19]
• Stimulant for heart, uterus, nerves[20]

PREPARATIONS

Tincture:  Fresh needle/leaf, 1:2, no alcohol content provided.  Dosage is 5-15 drops in water, up to 4x per day.[21]

USAGE

• Cardiovascular
• Heart disease[22]
• Heart pain
• Inner bark
• Tea[23]
• Musculoskeletal
• Muscle aches[24]
• External use[25]
• Rheumatism[26] [27]
• External use[28]
• Leaf oil[29]
• Salve[30]
• Twigs[31]
• Tea
• Twigs[32]
• Swollen hands[33]
• Neurological
• Headache[34] [35]
• Inner bark
• Tea[36]
• Respiratory
• Bronchial infection
• Foliage[37]
• Bronchial complaints, especially associated with congestive heart failure[38]
• Bronchitis[39]
• Cough[40]
• Fever[41]
• Upper respiratory infection[42]
• Skin
• Infections
• Twig tincture[43]
• Eczema[44]
• Polyps
• Internal and external use[45]
• Psoriasis[46]
• Warts
• Internal and external use[47]
• External use[48]
• Salve[49]
• Twig tincture[50]
• Urogenital
• Cystitis[51]
• Bedwetting in children[52]
• Delayed menses[53] [54]
• Inner bark[55]
• Leaf oil[56]
• Tea[57]
• Incontinence[58]
• Menstrual problems[59]
• Prostatitis[60]
• Syphilitic sores[61]
• Urinary infection[62] [63]
• Foliage[64]
• Uterine cancer[65]
• Uterine stimulant
• Twigs
• Tea[66]
• Vaginal infection
• External use[67]
• Foliage[68]
• Other
• Side effects of vaccinations[69]
• Side effects of the smallpox vaccination[70]

CAUTION.  Use only with medical supervision. [71]  The volatile oil extracted from arborvitae leaves is toxic; fatal overdoses have been recorded. [72]  Large doses are toxic internally. [73]  Use tinctures only in very small doses for a short period for treating infections. [74]  Avoid if pregnant or lactating.[75] [76] Avoid in those with a dry cough.[77]

---

[1] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[2] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 378.

[3] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[4] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[5] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[6] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[7] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[8] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[9] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[10] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[11] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[12] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[13] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[14] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[15] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[16] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[17] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[18] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[19] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[20] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[21] Stephen Harrod Buhner, Herbal Antibiotics, 2012, 378.

[22] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[23] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[24] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[25] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[26] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[27] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[28] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[29] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[30] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[31] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[32] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[33] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[34] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[35] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[36] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[37] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[38] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[39] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[40] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[41] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[42] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[43] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[44] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[45] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[46] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[47] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[48] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[49] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[50] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[51] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[52] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[53] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[54] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[55] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[56] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[57] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[58] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[59] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[60] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[61] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[62] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[63] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[64] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[65] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[66] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[67] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[68] Lesley Bremness, Herbs, 2009, 87.

[69] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.

[70] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[71] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[72] John Lust, Herb Book, 2009, 367.

[73] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[74] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[75] Steven Foster, et al., Western Medicinal Plants and Herbs, 2002, 337.

[76] Andrew Chevallier, Encyclopedia of Herbal Medicine, 2023, 286.

[77] Deni Bown, Encyclopedia of Herbs & Their Uses, 1995, 362.